The french revolution 1774 to 1815

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8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)
This section deals with the origins, outbreak, course and impact of the French Revolution. It focuses on the social, economic, political and intellectual challenges confronting the Ancien Régime and the stages of the revolutionary process during this period, culminating in the rise and rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. The section requires investigation of the impact of the French Revolution, as well as Napoleon’s domestic and foreign policies, upon France and its European neighbours.
  •  Crisis of the Ancien Régime: role of the monarchy, specifically Louis XVI; intellectual, political, social, financial and economic challenges
  •  Monarchy to republic: causes and significance of the Revolution; the 1791 Constitution; the fate of the monarchy; the terror; Robespierre; the Thermidorean reaction
  •  The political, social and economic impact of the Revolution; French revolutionary wars (1792–1799)
  •  Establishment of, nature of, and collapse of the Directory (1795–1799)
  •  Rise and rule of Napoleon (1799–1815); impact of Napoleon’s domestic and foreign policies on France
  •  Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815); collapse of the Napoleonic Empire; military defeat; the Hundred Days.

Europe on the Eve of Revolution


Discussion: How is the map of Europe different in 1789?

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Task: What was the condition of Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution?

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Condition of Europe on the Eve of French Revolution

ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Condition of Europe in General With the outbreak of the French Revolution, "European, history merges into the history of one nation, one event and one man; the nation is France, the event is the French Revolution and the man is Napoleon." However, before we deal with the French Revolution itself, it is desirable [...]


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Task: People, Place and events

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Introduction and legacy

Task: Act it out! Introducing the french revolution

Francois Furet reminds us: "The year 1789 is the key to what lies both upstream and downstream. It separates those periods, and thereby defines and `explains' them. ... [I]t is our contemporary history."

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Task: What is The legacy of the french revolution?

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In 1972, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai was asked about the impact of the French Revolution. “it is too early to say,” he replied.
SOURCE 1 - Dr Darius von Güttner, The University of Melbourne

​The revolution in France had a profound
impact on the lives of all peoples in
Europe. Its effects proved lasting and
France and Europe never really returned
to the conditions of the old order.
The principles of democracy, liberty,
merit, equality and sovereignty of the
people have been an enduring aspect
of the legacy of the French Revolution.
The revolution of 1789 opened over
a century of revolutionary upheavals
which culminated in the Russian
Revolution and the establishment of
Soviet Russia. The very ideas of rights,
citizenship, secular society, free speech,
merit, rule of law, popular sovereignty
and democracy in the Western world
were fundamentally shaped by the
tumultuous years of the French
Revolution. These ideas continue to
shape and drive events in the world
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Europe in 1789
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Europe in 1900
SOURCE 2 - Daron Acemoglu et al. National Bureau of Economic Research (Harvard Institute)

The French Revolution of 1789 had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. The French Revolutionary armies during the 1790s and later under Napoleon invaded and controlled large parts of Europe. Together with invasion came various radical institutional changes. French invasion removed the legal and economic barriers that had protected the nobility, clergy, guilds, and urban oligarchies and established the principle of equality before the law. The evidence suggests that areas that were occupied by the French and that underwent radical institutional reform experienced more rapid urbanization and economic growth, especially after 1850. There is no evidence of a negative effect of French invasion. Our interpretation is that the Revolution destroyed (the institutional underpinnings of) the power of oligarchies and elites opposed to economic change; combined with the arrival of new economic and industrial opportunities in the second half of the 19th century, this helped pave the way for future economic growth. The evidence does not provide any support for several other views, most notably, that evolved institutions are inherently superior to those 'designed'; that institutions must be 'appropriate' and cannot be 'transplanted'; and that the civil code and other French institutions have adverse economic effects. 

​

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          • The growth of Parliament
          • The Reformation
          • Charles I
        • Part 2: From Parliament to People >
          • The Enlightenment
          • The American War of Independence
          • Why were the French so Angry?
          • How did the Enlightenment affect Britain?
          • The Fight for Women's Rights
          • Did the militant actions of the Suffragettes help or hinder the cause of votes for women?
          • Why did women win the vote?
        • Assessment >
          • Revision of Turning Points
      • Topic 3: How can we become positive change makers? >
        • Our World in 2045
        • What are the long-term causes of climate change?
        • The Industrial Revolution and climate
        • significant Inventions
        • Costs and benefits of Industrialization
        • The enhanced Greenhouse effect
        • The impact of climate change
        • Is the World that bad?
        • What is the problem with plastic?
        • How can we manage climate change?
        • Earth Day
        • Mitigation and adaptation strategies
        • Protest as a means of change
        • Change maker project
        • Y8: Model United Nations
    • Year 7 Humanities >
      • Year 7 Geography >
        • Biomes
        • Microclimate Investigation
        • How did the impacts of the Haiti and Japanese earthquake compare?
        • Topic 2 Migration
        • Geography in the news
      • Year 7 History >
        • 1. The Ancient World >
          • a. Prehistoric Life >
            • Middle School History
          • b. Egypt or Rome? >
            • Historical Enquiry - Comparing Ancient Societies
            • Ancient Egypt
            • Ancient Rome
          • Assessment
        • 2. The Medieval World >
          • "Muck and Misery" Investigation
          • Medieval Guidebook Assessment
          • Medieval Baghdad
        • 3. The American West >
          • Native American Culture
          • The First Settlers
          • Pioneers
          • Cowboys and cow towns
          • Impact of settlement on the Native Americans
          • Assessment
        • 4. The Industrial World >
          • The Urban Game
        • 5. Civil Rights
        • 8 . Digital Library
  • HS Geography
    • IB Geography >
      • Introduction to IB Geography
      • Paper 1- Geographic Themes >
        • Urban Environments >
          • Urban sections 1-3
          • Sustainable Cities
        • Leisure, sport and Tourism >
          • Introduction to Leisure, sport and tourism
          • A global sporting event- The Olympics
          • Managing Rural Tourism Hotspots
          • Managing urban tourism hotspots
          • Tourism as a development strategy
          • Sustainable tourism
          • Variations in Sphere of Influence
          • The impact of Rural festivals
        • Geophysical Hazards >
          • Earthquakes
          • Volcanoes
          • Landslides
      • Paper 2: Geographic perspectives >
        • Changing populations >
          • Population density
          • Processes of population change >
            • Megacities
            • Forced migration
          • Possibilities of population change >
            • Aging population
            • Population policies
            • Gender Equality
            • Human trafficking
            • Demographic dividend
          • Debate: Should the UN curb population growth?
          • Population revision
        • Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience >
          • The causes of global climate change
          • Impacts of climate change
          • ​Disparities in exposure to climate change risk and vulnerability
          • GOVERNMENT LED ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES
          • Civil society and corporate strategies to address climate change
        • Global resource consumption and security >
          • Global trends in consumption >
            • GLOBAL AND REGIONAL/CONTINENTAL PROGRESS TOWARDS POVERTY REDUCTION.
            • Measuring trends in global consumption
            • Patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of water
            • Global patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of land/food
            • Global patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of energy
          • Nexus thinking >
            • Two countries with contrasting levels of resource security...
            • Waste disposal and recycling
          • Resource Stewardship >
            • Divergent thinking about population and resource consumption trends
            • The circular economy
        • Infographics
      • Paper 3: Global Interactions >
        • Power, place and networks >
          • Global networks and flows
          • Global Interactions & Global Power
          • Human and physical influences on global interactions
        • HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & DIVERSITY >
          • Development opportunities
          • Changing cultures and identities
          • Cultural Hybridity
          • Local responses to global interactions
        • Environmental risks
        • Geopolitical and economic risks
      • IB Revision- mocks 2021
      • IB Revision
      • Internal Assessment
      • Extended Essay in Geography
    • New IGCSE Edexcel Geography >
      • Paper 1 - Physical Geography >
        • Hazardous Environments
      • Paper 2 - Human Geography >
        • Urban Environments
        • Economic Activity and Energy
        • Fragile Environments and Climate Change
    • IGCSE Geography >
      • Population and Settlement >
        • Population >
          • Why is population growing?
          • Population density and distribution
          • Over and Under population
          • Dependent populations
          • Population policy: One Child policy China
          • HIV and AIDs
          • Migration
          • Population revision
          • Debate: Should the UN curb population growth?
        • Settlement >
          • Settlement and service provision
          • Urbanisation
      • Natural Environment >
        • Earthquakes and Volcanoes >
          • Plate tectonics
          • Case study of a volcano: Montserrat
          • Haiti Earthquake
          • Why do people live in hazardous areas?
          • Tectonics revision
          • REVISION- WHAT HAPPENS AT TECTONIC PLATES?
        • Rivers >
          • Hydrological characteristics and processes
          • River Landforms
          • Benefits and threats of rivers
          • Management of rivers: Hard and Soft engineering
          • Rivers revison
        • Coasts >
          • Coastal processes
          • Coastal management
          • Different coastal environments
          • Mangroves
          • Hurricanes- cyclone Alia, Bangladesh
          • Hurricanes- Hurricane Harvey
          • Coasts revision
          • Coastal skills
        • Weather and Climate >
          • Weather measurements
          • The Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem
          • Deserts
          • Climate and vegetation revsion
      • Economic Development >
        • 3.1 Development
        • Industry
        • Globalisation
        • Food production
        • Water
        • Tourism
        • Energy
        • Environmental risks of economic development
        • economic development revision
      • Geographical Enquiry
      • Paper 2 Geographical Skills
      • Paper 4: Fieldwork paper
      • IGCSE Revision
      • IGCSE Revision for mid course assessments April 2021
      • Paper 1: Knowledge paper revision for mocks 2022
  • HS Economics
    • IB ECONOMICS TEACHER PAGES >
      • Activity Styles
    • Year 10 >
      • 1.0 THE BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEM
      • 2.0 HOW MARKETS WORK AND MARKET FAILURE
      • 3.0 THE INDIVIDUAL AS PRODUCER, CONSUMER AND BORROWER >
        • 3.3 Workers
        • 3.4 Firms
        • 3.5 Small firms and causes and forms of the growth of firms
        • 3.6 Economies and diseconomies of scale
        • 3.7 Firms costs, revenues and objectives
        • 3.8 Firms and Production
        • 3.9.5 Monopoly Markets
      • REVISION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3
      • SUMMER LEARNING
    • Year 11 >
      • 4.0 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN AN ECONOMY >
        • 4.1 Introduction to Macroeconomics
        • 4.1.1 The Role of Government
        • 4.2.1 Macroeconomic Aims of Government
        • 4.2.3 Economic Growth
        • 4.7 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
        • 4.8 INFLATION
        • 4.4.0 FISCAL POLICY
        • 4.4.1 MONETARY POLICY
        • 4.1.2 SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES AND MACROECONOMICS REVISION
      • 5.0 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT >
        • Top Trumps: Economic Development
        • 5.1 DIFFERENCES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
        • 5.3.1 POVERTY
        • 5.3 POPULATION
      • 6.0 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS >
        • 6.2 ​GLOBALISATION, FREE TRADE AND PROTECTION
        • 6.3 EXCHANGE RATES AND THE CURRENT ACCOUNT
      • iGCSE Economics Revision Sessions - May 23rd to June 1st
      • Revision Support
    • Year 12 >
      • 1. Introduction to Economics
      • 2. Microeconomics >
        • 2.A. COMPETITIVE MARKETS: DEMAND AND SUPPLY >
          • HL Demand FE 2022
        • 2.B.ELASTICITIES
        • 2.C.GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION >
          • INQUIRY: EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN ACHIEVING SDG 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
          • HL 2020 Government intervention
        • 2.D.MARKET FAILURE >
          • To What Extent Does the American Health Care Market Represent a Market Failure?
        • HL: RATIONAL PRODUCER BEHAVIOR
        • 2.E.THE THEORY OF THE FIRM 1: PRODUCTION, COSTS, REVENUES, AND PROFIT HL
        • 2.F.THE THEORY OF THE FIRM II: MARKET STRUCTURES HL
        • Real World Examples: Theory of the Firm
      • 3. Macroeconomics >
        • 2A. THE LEVEL OF OVERALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
        • 2B. AGGREGATE DEMAND
        • 2C. AGGREGATE SUPPLY
        • THE MULTIPLIER (HL)
        • INFLATION
        • THE PHILLIPS CURVE (HL)
        • LOW UNEMPLOYMENT
        • EQUITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
        • ECONOMIC GROWTH
        • OVERVIEW OF DEMAND-SIDE AND SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES
        • FISCAL POLICY
        • MONETARY POLICY
        • SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES
      • Exam Papers
      • IA's >
        • IA Marking Exercise
        • Economic Diagrams
      • Extended Essay in Economics
      • SUMMER LEARNING
    • Year 13 >
      • 4. International Economics >
        • 4.A.International trade
        • 4.B.Exchange rates and the balance of payments
        • 4.C.Economics integration and the terms of trade
        • 4.D.Be ambitious resources
      • 5. Development Economics >
        • Understanding Economic Development
        • Topics in Economic Development
        • Foreign sources of finance and foreign debt
        • Consequences of economic growth and the balance between markets and intervention
      • IB Economics - Exams
      • IB ECONOMICS REVISION PAGES >
        • REAL WORLD EXAMPLES
        • Give Me Fives
        • Economics Past Papers
        • Student Video Tutorials
        • Additional Revision Activities
        • 2022 MOCK EXAM
    • Digital library
    • TOK Inspired Economics Page
    • Process for Deciding Economics University Predicted Grades
  • HS History
    • What is History?
    • IBDP History >
      • Pre - IB History
      • Rationale
      • Introductory Tasks
      • Perspectives Blog
      • IB History Revision Sessions - April 6th to May 1st
      • Paper 1 - Prescribed Subject >
        • Military Leaders >
          • Genghis Khan 1200-1227 >
            • Introduction to the Mongols
            • Mongol Historiography
            • Rise to Power
            • Military Might
            • Leadership
            • Campaigns in China and Asia
            • Impact of the Mongols
            • TOK - Genghis
          • King Richard I of England 1173-1199 >
            • Medieval England
            • Richard I - Life before 1189
            • Richard I - Crusader King 1190 - 1193
            • Richard I - Military Leadership
            • Richard - Impact
            • Richard I - Reputation and Historiography
            • TOK - Richard I
          • Paper 1: Rights and Protest
          • Source Skills
      • Paper 2 - World History Topics >
        • Essay Writing Skills - Paper 2
        • Authoritarian States >
          • Theory
          • MCA Feedback and Reflection
          • Hitler >
            • Emergence and rise to power >
              • HOW MUCH HOPE WAS THERE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC 1919-29?
              • HOW DID THE AIMS AND IDEOLOGY OF THE NAZI PARTY DEVELOP BETWEEN 1919-1923
              • HOW FAR DID THE CONDITIONS OF 1929-33CONTRIBUTE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NAZI STATE?
              • WHERE DID SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL SOCIALISM COME FROM?
            • Consolidation and maintenance of power >
              • HOW DID HITLER CONSOLIDATE HIS POWER TO CREATE AN AUTHORITARIAN REGIME?
              • WHAT PART DID PERSONALITY AND PROPAGANDA PLAY IN THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER?
              • WHAT WERE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONAL SOCIALIST GOVERNMENT?
              • WHAT WAS THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF OPPOSITION TO NAZI RULE AND HOW WAS IT DEALT WITH?
              • WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN POLICY ON HITLER'S CONSOLIDATION AND MAINTENANCE OF POWER?
            • Aims and results of policies
          • Mao >
            • Emergence and Rise to Power
            • Consolidation and maintenance of power
            • Aims and results of policies
          • Castro >
            • Castro RTP
            • Castro Establisment and consolidation
            • Castro: Aims and results of policies
          • Policies In Germany and Cuba >
            • Nazi Policies - Aims and outcomes
            • Castro Policies - Aims and Outcomes
        • Independence movements 1800 - 2000 >
          • Ireland - Europe >
            • 1. The origins rise and rise of independence movements >
              • 1.a. WHAT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT?
              • 1.b. EARLY INDEPENDENCE CAMPAIGNING - WOLFE TONE
              • 1.c. SOCIAL DIVISIONS WITHIN IRELAND
              • 1.d. ECONOMIC FACTORS
              • 1.e. WHAT POLITICAL FACTORS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN IRELAND?
              • f. What external factors were important in creating an independence movement.
            • 2. Methods used and reasons for success >
              • 2. a WHAT METHODS WERE USED IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 1867 TO 1900? >
                • 2.b.​WHY DID THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT SUCCEED?
                • 2.b. WHAT WERE THE ROLES OF MICHAEL COLLINS AND EAMON DE VALERA IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE?
                • 2.c.
            • 3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years after independence; and the responses to those challenges. >
              • 3.a.
              • 3.b.
              • 3.c.
              • 3.d.
              • 3.e.
            • IRISH 'BE AMBITIOUS' RESOURCES
          • India - Asia >
            • Origin and rise of the Independence Movement >
              • 1857 and Colonial India
              • The Growth of Nationalism
              • Factors in the rise of the Independence Movement
            • Methods and success of the Independence Movement >
              • Leadership in India
              • Why did India win independence?
            • Challenges facing the newly independent state
          • Cuba - The Americas >
            • origins of Cuban Independence before 1823
      • Paper 3 - History of Europe >
        • THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1774 TO 1815 >
          • The Enlightenment
          • The Origins of the French Revolution
          • 1789: THE END OF THE ANCIEN REGIME
          • Establishing a Constitutional Monarchy
          • Revolutionary War and overthrow of the Monarchy 1792 - 93
          • Government by Terror 1793-4
          • THERMIDORIAN REACTION AND THE DIRECTORY 1794-9
          • THE IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION
          • NAPOLEON: CONSULATE AND EMPIRE
          • DIGITAL RESOURCES: FRENCH REVOLUTION
        • Imperial Russia 1854 - 1924 >
          • Alexander II
          • Alexander III and Nicholas I
          • 1905 - Revolution
          • Nicholas II and the impact of the First World War
          • The Revolution 1917
          • Lenin and the Soviet Union
      • Internal Assessment (IA) >
        • Formulating a Question
        • Initial Proposal
        • IA Section 1
        • IA Section 2
        • IA Section 3
        • IA Referencing
        • Marking Exercise
        • Timeline Class of 2018
      • Core >
        • Extended Essay
        • Theory of Knowledge
        • CAS
    • New IGCSE Edexcel History >
      • A1 Origins & Course of WW1
      • B2 Changes in Medicine
      • D3 Weimar & Nazi Germany
    • IGCSE Cambridge History >
      • Revision Checklists
      • REVISION Past Papers >
        • MODEL Paper 1
        • MODEL Paper 2 >
          • MODEL Paper 2: Cold War Causes
          • MODEL Paper 2: Treaties
      • Depth Study A: WW1 >
        • 1. Why was war not over by December 1914?
        • 2. Why was there stalemate on the Western Front?
        • 3. How important were other fronts?
        • 4. Why did Germany ask for an armistice in 1918?
        • WW1 EXAM QUESTIONS
      • Core Content 1: Treaties
      • Core Content 2 & 3: League 20s & 30s
      • Core Content 4 : Blame for Cold War?
      • Core Content 5: Cold War Conflicts
      • Depth Study B: Germany >
        • 1. Was the Weimar Republic doomed from start?
        • 2. Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?
        • 3a. How effectively did the Nazis control Germany?
        • 3b. What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?
  • SOCIOLOGY HOME
    • Unit 1: Theory and Methods >
      • How do sociologists study society?
    • Unit 4: Family
    • The story of Power England
  • TEACHER PAGES
    • Mrs Bennett
    • Ms Capper
    • Mr Bish >
      • Teacher Assessment Pages - Comparative Judgements
      • WS
      • Top 10's
      • Book club
      • Profile
      • blog: How can self-directed learning be made visible?
    • Mrs Morgan >
      • Debate: Should the UN curb population growth?
      • Books
      • TV and Films
      • Travel
    • Mr Jones
    • Mr Skerry
    • Contact
  • LEADERSHIP ENRICHMENT
    • Year 9 - Leadership Enrichment >
      • Leadership Styles
      • Planning an Event - The Music Festival >
        • Decision 1 - What is our Vision?
        • Decision 2 - The Line Up
        • Decision 3 - Event Planning
        • Decision 4 - Event Organisation
        • Decision 5 - Advertising
        • Decision 6 - Final Costings
        • Decision 7 - Our Pitch
      • Review and Reflection
  • GLOBAL JUSTICE LEAGUE OF BISH
    • GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IGCSE >
      • Theme 1: Politics and Governance
      • Theme 2 - Economic development and the environment
    • BIS Houston MUN - April 6th-8th 2022
    • 2023 ​TEXAS STATE MOCK TRIAL COMPETITION TEAM
    • ORGANISORS PAGE BISHMUN 2022
    • TED X CONFERENCE 2022
  • YEAR 9 ​ENRICHMENT: ​GENERAL ASSEMBLY: ​CLIMATE CHANGE
  • History Digital Research Library
  • New Page
  • Week 10 - Dealing with Conflict