understanding development economics

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​Understanding Economic Development

Economic growth and economic development:
  • Distinguish between economic growth and economic development. 
  • Explain the multidimensional nature of economic development in terms of reducing widespread poverty, raising living standards, reducing income inequalities and increasing employment opportunities. 
  • Explain how the most important sources of economic growth in economically less developed countries include increases in quantities of physical capital and human capital, the development and use of new technologies that are appropriate to the conditions of the economically less developed countries, and institutional changes. 
  • Explain the relationship between economic growth and economic development, noting that some limited economic development is possible in the absence of economic growth, but that in the long term economic growth is usually necessary for economic development (however, it should be understood that under certain circumstances economic growth may not lead to economic development). 
Economically less developed countries (LDCs):
  • Explain, using examples, how economically less developed countries share certain common characteristics (noting that it is dangerous to generalise as there are many exceptions in each case), including low levels of GDP per capita, high levels of poverty, relatively large agricultural sectors, large urban informal sectors and high birth rates.
  • Explain how, in some countries, there may be communities caught in a poverty trap (poverty cycle) where poor communities are unable to invest in physical, human and natural capital due to low or no savings; poverty is therefore transmitted from generation to generation, and there is a need for intervention to break out of the cycle. 
  • Explain, using examples, how economically less developed countries differ enormously from each other in terms of a variety of factors, including resource endowments, climate, history (colonial or otherwise), political systems and degrees of political stability.
LEDC's Characteristics Gallery's
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TANZANIA
Africa Gallery
Asia Gallery
America's and Pacific Gallery
Stealing Africa:
Watch the documentary and take notes on the following:
  1. Causes of poverty in Africa
  2. Africa's place in the global economy
  3. The resources curse
  4. The impact of multi-nationals on Africa's development
  5. Africa's relationship with MEDC's, NGO's, and IMF and World Bank particulalrly
economic_development_unit_workbook.docx
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What: Measuring Development

How: Research and use of data
Why: Economic Development, being a complex and multidimensional process, is not accurately reflected in any single measure. Economists therefore consider individual economic attributes or characteristics that distinguish countries according to their level of economic or human development.

Picture

  • Distinguish between GDP per capita figures and GNI per capita figures.
  • Compare and contrast GDP per capita figures and GNI per capita figures for economically more developed countries and economically less developed countries. 
  • Distinguish between GDP per capita figures and GDP per capita figures at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates.
  • Compare and contrast GDP per capita figures and GDP per capita figures at PPP exchange rates for economically more developed countries and economically less developed countries. 
  • Compare and contrast two health indicators for economically more developed countries and economically less developed countries. 
  • Compare and contrast two education indicators for economically more developed countries and economically less developed countries. 
International development goals:
  • Outline the current status of international development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. 
Composite indicators:
  • Explain how composite indicators include more than one measure and are therefore considered to be better indicators of economic development. 
  • Explain the measures that make up the Human Development Index (HDI). 
  • Compare and contrast the HDI figures for economically more developed countries and economically less developed countries. 
  • Explain why a country’s GDP/GNI per capita global ranking may be lower, or higher, than its HDI global ranking. ​

Nic Marks: The Happy Planet Index

Statistician Nic Marks asks why we measure a nation's success by its productivity -- instead of by the happiness and well-being of its people. He introduces the Happy Planet Index, which tracks national well-being against resource use (because a happy life doesn't have to cost the earth).

measuring_development.docx
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paper_2_practice_-_comparing_and_contrasting_economic_and_development_indicators.docx
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  • Middle School
    • Assessment in Middle School Humanities
    • Parent support Materials
    • Year 9 Humanities >
      • An Introduction to Year 9 Humanires
      • Year 9 Geography >
        • Is Development a good thing? >
          • How can development be measured?
          • Why are some countries LEDCs?
          • Can the development gap be reduced?
          • What are the issues in MEDCs? Case study Japan
        • How can we ensure responsible consumption and production? >
          • The chocolate trade
          • What is the real cost of fashion?
          • Dragon's Den Assessment
        • Extreme Environments >
          • How do people live in cold environments?
          • The Sirius Patrol: Surviving in Extreme Environments
          • Mt Everest
          • Deserts
      • Year 9 History >
        • Teacher Documents
        • East Meets West >
          • 1A. WHY DO CIVILISATIONS EXPAND?
          • 1.B THE ROLE OF POLITICAL UNITY AND TRADE
          • 1.C The role of Trade
          • 1.D THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL
          • 1.E THE FIRST CRUSADE
          • 1E. ASSESSMENT: THE BENEFITS OF INTERCONNECTEDNESS OUTWEIGH THE COSTS TO HUMANITY' EVALUATE THIS STATEMENT IN REFERENCE TO THE PERIOD 250AD-1250AD
        • 2. THE NEW WORLD >
          • Ancient civilizations of the Americas
          • The conquest of the Americas
          • WHAT MADE THOMAS CLARKSON SO ANGRY?
        • 4. THE BIG IDEA: WHY WAS THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF THE 20TH CENTURY THE MOST VIOLENT? >
          • 4.A FIRST GLOBALIZATION 1750-1914
          • 4.B LONG WAR 1914-1990
        • YEAR 9 END OF YEAR ASSESSMENT
    • Year 8 Humanities >
      • Topic 1: Where is the riskiest place to live in the USA? >
        • What makes a disaster?
        • Population patterns USA
        • Hurricanes
        • Tornadoes
        • Tectonics in the USA
        • Wildfires
        • Hazards Final Assessment
      • Topic 2: The Changing Story of Power >
        • Part 1: From King to Parliament >
          • Case Study: English Kings
          • Could Kings do what ever they wanted?
          • The growth of Parliament
          • The Reformation
          • Charles I
        • Part 2: From Parliament to People >
          • The Enlightenment
          • The American War of Independence
          • Why were the French so Angry?
          • How did the Enlightenment affect Britain?
          • The Fight for Women's Rights
          • Did the militant actions of the Suffragettes help or hinder the cause of votes for women?
          • Why did women win the vote?
        • Assessment >
          • Revision of Turning Points
      • Topic 3: How can we become positive change makers? >
        • Our World in 2045
        • What are the long-term causes of climate change?
        • The Industrial Revolution and climate
        • significant Inventions
        • Costs and benefits of Industrialization
        • The enhanced Greenhouse effect
        • The impact of climate change
        • Is the World that bad?
        • What is the problem with plastic?
        • How can we manage climate change?
        • Mitigation and adaptation strategies
        • Protest as a means of change
        • Change maker project
        • Y8: Model United Nations
    • Year 7 Humanities >
      • Year 7 Geography >
        • Biomes
        • Why do the impacts of tectonic hazards vary?
        • Topic 3: Microclimate Investigation
        • Settlement Studies
        • Geography in the news
      • Year 7 History >
        • 1. The Ancient World >
          • a. Prehistoric Life >
            • Middle School History
          • b. Egypt or Rome? >
            • Historical Enquiry - Comparing Ancient Societies
            • Ancient Egypt
            • Ancient Rome
          • Assessment
        • 2. The Medieval World >
          • "Muck and Misery" Investigation
          • Medieval Guidebook Assessment
          • Medieval Baghdad
        • 3. The American West >
          • Native American Culture
          • The First Settlers
          • Pioneers
          • Mormons
          • Homesteaders
          • Cowboys and cow towns
          • The Plains Wars
          • Impact of settlement on the Native Americans
          • Assessment
        • 4. The Industrial World
        • 5. Civil Rights
        • 6. The Significance of the Lives of Ordinary People
        • 7. Year 7 Assessments
        • 8 . Digital Library
  • HS Geography
    • IB Geography >
      • Introduction to IB Geography
      • Paper 1- Geographic Themes >
        • Urban Environments >
          • Urban sections 1-3
          • Sustainable Cities
        • Leisure, sport and Tourism >
          • Introduction to Leisure, sport and tourism
          • A global sporting event- The Olympics
          • Managing Rural Tourism Hotspots
          • Managing urban tourism hotspots
          • Tourism as a development strategy
          • Sustainable tourism
          • Variations in Sphere of Influence
          • The impact of Rural festivals
        • Geophysical Hazards >
          • Earthquakes
          • Volcanoes
          • Landslides
      • Paper 2: Geographic perspectives >
        • Changing populations >
          • Population density
          • Processes of population change >
            • Megacities
            • Forced migration
          • Possibilities of population change >
            • Aging population
            • Population policies
            • Gender Equality
            • Human trafficking
            • Demographic dividend
          • Debate: Should the UN curb population growth?
        • Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience >
          • The causes of global climate change
          • Impacts of climate change
          • ​Disparities in exposure to climate change risk and vulnerability
          • GOVERNMENT LED ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES
          • Civil society and corporate strategies to address climate change
        • Global resource consumption and security >
          • Global trends in consumption >
            • GLOBAL AND REGIONAL/CONTINENTAL PROGRESS TOWARDS POVERTY REDUCTION.
            • Measuring trends in global consumption
            • Patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of water
            • Global patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of land/food
            • Global patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of energy
          • Nexus thinking >
            • Two countries with contrasting levels of resource security...
            • Waste disposal and recycling
          • Resource Stewardship >
            • Divergent thinking about population and resource consumption trends
            • The circular economy
        • Infographics
      • Paper 3: Global Interactions >
        • Power, place and networks >
          • Global networks and flows
          • Global Interactions & Global Power
          • Human and physical influences on global interactions
        • HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & DIVERSITY >
          • Development opportunities
          • Changing cultures and identities
          • Cultural Hybridity
          • Local responses to global interactions
        • Environmental risks
        • Geopolitical and economic risks
      • IB Revision- mocks 2021
      • IB Revision
      • Internal Assessment
      • Extended Essay in Geography
    • IGCSE Geography >
      • Population and Settlement >
        • Population >
          • Why is population growing?
          • Population density and distribution
          • Over and Under population
          • Dependent populations
          • Population policy: One Child policy China
          • HIV and AIDs
          • Migration
          • Population revision
          • Debate: Should the UN curb population growth?
        • Settlement >
          • Settlement and service provision
          • Urbanisation
      • Natural Environment >
        • Earthquakes and Volcanoes >
          • Plate tectonics
          • Case study of a volcano: Montserrat
          • Haiti Earthquake
          • Why do people live in hazardous areas?
          • Tectonics revision
          • REVISION- WHAT HAPPENS AT TECTONIC PLATES?
        • Rivers >
          • Hydrological characteristics and processes
          • River Landforms
          • Benefits and threats of rivers
          • Management of rivers: Hard and Soft engineering
          • Rivers revison
        • Coasts >
          • Coastal processes
          • Coastal management
          • Different coastal environments
          • Mangroves
          • Hurricanes- cyclone Alia, Bangladesh
          • Hurricanes- Hurricane Harvey
          • Coasts revision
          • Coastal skills
        • Weather and Climate >
          • Weather measurements
          • The Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem
          • Deserts
          • Climate and vegetation revsion
      • Economic Development >
        • 3.1 Development
        • Industry
        • Globalisation
        • Food production
        • Water
        • Tourism
        • Energy
        • Environmental risks of economic development
        • economic development revision
      • Geographical Enquiry
      • Geographical Skills
      • IGCSE Revision
      • Year 11 Geography mock revision: Jan 2021 >
        • Paper 2: Geographical Skills
        • Paper 4: Fieldwork paper
        • Paper 1: Knowledge paper
  • HS Economics
    • IB ECONOMICS TEACHER PAGES >
      • Activity Styles
    • Year 10 >
      • 1.0 THE BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEM
      • 2.0 HOW MARKETS WORK AND MARKET FAILURE
      • 3.0 THE INDIVIDUAL AS PRODUCER, CONSUMER AND BORROWER >
        • 3.3 Workers
        • 3.4 Firms
        • 3.5 Small firms and causes and forms of the growth of firms
        • 3.6 Economies and diseconomies of scale
        • 3.7 Firms costs, revenues and objectives
        • 3.8 Firms and Production
        • 3.9.5 Monopoly Markets
      • REVISION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3
      • SUMMER LEARNING
    • Year 11 >
      • 4.0 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN AN ECONOMY >
        • 4.1 Introduction to Macroeconomics
        • 4.1.1 The Role of Government
        • 4.2.1 Macroeconomic Aims of Government
        • 4.2.3 Economic Growth
        • 4.7 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
        • 4.8 INFLATION
        • 4.4.0 FISCAL POLICY
        • 4.4.1 MONETARY POLICY
        • 4.1.2 SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES AND MACROECONOMICS REVISION
      • 5.0 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT >
        • Top Trumps: Economic Development
        • 5.1 DIFFERENCES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
        • 5.3.1 POVERTY
        • 5.3 POPULATION
      • 6.0 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
      • iGCSE Economics Revision Sessions - May 23rd to June 1st
      • Revision Support
    • Year 12 >
      • 1. Introduction to Economics
      • 2. Microeconomics >
        • 2.A. COMPETITIVE MARKETS: DEMAND AND SUPPLY >
          • HL Demand FE 2022
        • 2.B.ELASTICITIES
        • 2.C.GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION >
          • HL 2020 Government intervention
        • 2.D.MARKET FAILURE >
          • To What Extent Does the American Health Care Market Represent a Market Failure?
        • 2.E.THE THEORY OF THE FIRM 1: PRODUCTION, COSTS, REVENUES, AND PROFIT HL
        • 2.F.THE THEORY OF THE FIRM II: MARKET STRUCTURES HL
        • Real World Examples: Theory of the Firm
      • 3. Macroeconomics >
        • 2A. THE LEVEL OF OVERALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
        • 2B. AGGREGATE DEMAND
        • 2C. AGGREGATE SUPPLY
        • THE MULTIPLIER (HL)
        • INFLATION
        • LOW UNEMPLOYMENT
        • EQUITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
        • ECONOMIC GROWTH
        • OVERVIEW OF DEMAND-SIDE AND SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES
        • FISCAL POLICY
        • MONETARY POLICY
        • SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES
      • Exam Papers
      • IA's >
        • IA Marking Exercise
        • Economic Diagrams
      • Extended Essay in Economics
      • SUMMER LEARNING
    • Year 13 >
      • 4. International Economics >
        • 4.A.International trade
        • 4.B.Exchange rates and the balance of payments
        • 4.C.Economics integration and the terms of trade
        • 4.D.Be ambitious resources
      • 5. Development Economics >
        • Understanding Economic Development
        • Topics in Economic Development
        • Foreign sources of finance and foreign debt
        • Consequences of economic growth and the balance between markets and intervention
      • IB Economics - Exams
      • IB ECONOMICS REVISION PAGES >
        • Give Me Fives
        • Economics Past Papers
        • Student Video Tutorials
        • Additional Revision Activities
    • Digital library
    • TOK Inspired Economics Page
    • Process for Deciding Economics University Predicted Grades
  • HS History
    • What is History?
    • IBDP History >
      • Pre - IB History
      • Rationale
      • Introductory Tasks
      • Perspectives Blog
      • IB History Revision Sessions - April 6th to May 1st
      • Paper 1 - Prescribed Subject >
        • Military Leaders >
          • Genghis Khan 1200-1227 >
            • Introduction to the Mongols
            • Mongol Historiography
            • Rise to Power
            • Military Might
            • Leadership
            • Campaigns in China and Asia
            • Impact of the Mongols
            • TOK - Genghis
          • King Richard I of England 1173-1199 >
            • Richard I - Life before 1189
            • Richard I - Crusader King 1190 - 1193
            • Richard I - Military Leadership
            • Richard - Impact
            • Richard I - Reputation and Historiography
            • TOK - Richard I
          • Source Skills
      • Paper 2 - World History Topics >
        • Essay Writing Skills - Paper 2
        • Authoritarian States >
          • Theory
          • Hitler >
            • Emergence and rise to power >
              • HOW MUCH HOPE WAS THERE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC 1919-29?
              • HOW DID THE AIMS AND IDEOLOGY OF THE NAZI PARTY DEVELOP BETWEEN 1919-1923
              • HOW FAR DID THE CONDITIONS OF 1929-33CONTRIBUTE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NAZI STATE?
              • WHERE DID SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL SOCIALISM COME FROM?
            • Consolidation and maintenance of power >
              • HOW DID HITLER CONSOLIDATE HIS POWER TO CREATE AN AUTHORITARIAN REGIME?
              • WHAT PART DID PERSONALITY AND PROPAGANDA PLAY IN THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER?
              • WHAT WERE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONAL SOCIALIST GOVERNMENT?
              • WHAT WAS THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF OPPOSITION TO NAZI RULE AND HOW WAS IT DEALT WITH?
              • WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN POLICY ON HITLER'S CONSOLIDATION AND MAINTENANCE OF POWER?
            • Aims and results of policies >
              • WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCED DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL POLICY
              • ​HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS NAZI ECONOMIC POLICY?
              • WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NAZIS AND THE CHURCHES WITHIN GERMANY?
              • HOW DID THE NAZIS SEE THE ROLE OF EDUCATION AND TRY TO ENSURE THE SUPPORT OF YOUNG PEOPLE?
              • ​HOW DID NAZISM AFFECT THE ARTS AND MEDIA?
              • HOW WERE SOCIAL RELIGIOUS AND RACIAL MINORITIES TREATED WITHIN THE NAZI STATE?
              • WHAT WAS THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE NAZI STATE?
              • ​HISTORIOGRAPHY: HISTORIANS VIEWS ON HITLER AS ‘MASTER OF THE THIRD REICH’ AND NAZI GERMANY AS A TOTALITARIAN STATE?
              • HITLER: WEAK OR STRONG DICTATOR? NAZI GERMANY: TOTALITARIAN STATE?
          • Castro >
            • Castro RTP
            • Castro Establisment and consolidation
            • Castro: Aims and results of policies
        • Independence movements 1800 - 2000 >
          • India - Asia >
            • Origin and rise of the Independence Movement >
              • 1857 and Colonial India
              • The Growth of Nationalism
              • Factors in the rise of the Independence Movement
            • Methods and success of the Independence Movement >
              • Leadership in India
              • Why did India win independence?
            • Challenges facing the newly independent state
          • Cuba - The Americas >
            • origins of Cuban Independence before 1823
      • Paper 3 - History of Europe >
        • Essay Writing Skills - Paper 3
        • Monarchies in England and France 1066 - 1223 >
          • Medieval England
          • Pre 1066 - Background
          • The Norman Invasion and its Impact
          • The Angevin Commonwealth
          • The Rise of Capetian France
          • Philip Augustus and Richard
          • Normandy and France - Rivalry and War
          • Royal Government in England and France - A Comparison
        • THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1774 TO 1815 >
          • THE ORIGINS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
          • 1789: THE END OF THE ANCIEN REGIME
          • CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY:REFORMING FRANCE 1789-92
          • WAR, REVOLT AND OVERTHROW OF THE MONARCHY 1792-3
          • GOVERNMENT BY TERROR 1793-4
          • THERMIDORIAN REACTION AND THE DIRECTORY 1794-9
          • THE IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION
          • NAPOLEON: CONSULATE AND EMPIRE
          • DIGITAL RESOURCES: FRENCH REVOLUTION
        • Imperial Russia 1854 - 1924
      • Internal Assessment (IA) >
        • Formulating a Question
        • Initial Proposal
        • IA Section 1
        • IA Section 2
        • IA Section 3
        • IA Referencing
        • Marking Exercise
        • Timeline Class of 2018
      • Core >
        • Extended Essay
        • Theory of Knowledge
        • CAS
    • IGCSE Cambridge History >
      • Revision Checklists
      • REVISION Past Papers >
        • MODEL Paper 1
        • MODEL Paper 2 >
          • MODEL Paper 2: Cold War Causes
          • MODEL Paper 2: Treaties
      • Depth Study A: WW1 >
        • 1. Why was war not over by December 1914?
        • 2. Why was there stalemate on the Western Front?
        • 3. How important were other fronts?
        • 4. Why did Germany ask for an armistice in 1918?
        • WW1 EXAM QUESTIONS
      • Core Content 1: Treaties
      • Core Content 2 & 3: League 20s & 30s
      • Core Content 4 : Blame for Cold War?
      • Core Content 5: Cold War Conflicts
      • Depth Study B: Germany >
        • 1. Was the Weimar Republic doomed from start?
        • 2. Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?
        • 3a. How effectively did the Nazis control Germany?
        • 3b. What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?
  • HS Business
    • REVISION Past Papers >
      • MODEL Paper 2
    • Unit 1 : Understanding Business Activity >
      • IGCSE Business 1.1
      • IGCSE Business 1.2
      • IGCSE Business 1.3
      • IGCSE Business 1.4
      • IGCSE Business 1.5
    • Unit 2 : People in Business >
      • IGCSE Business 2.1
      • IGCSE Business 2.2
      • IGCSE Business 2.3
      • IGCSE Business 2.4
    • Unit 3 : Marketing >
      • IGCSE Business 3.1
      • IGCSE Business 3.2
      • IGCSE Business 3.3
      • IGCSE Business 3.4
      • IGCSE Business 3.5
      • IGCSE Business 3.6
    • Unit 4 : Operations Management >
      • IGCSE Business 4.1
      • IGCSE Business 4.2
      • IGCSE Business 4.3
      • IGCSE Business 4.4
    • Unit 5: Financial Information & Financial Decisions >
      • IGCSE Business 5.1
      • IGCSE Business 5.2
      • IGCSE Business 5.3
      • IGCSE Business 5.4
      • IGCSE Business 5.5
    • Unit 6: External Influences on Business >
      • IGCSE Business 6.1
      • IGCSE Business 6.2
      • IGCSE Business 6.3
  • SOCIOLOGY HOME
    • Unit 1: Theory and Methods >
      • How do sociologists study society?
    • Unit 4: Family
    • The story of Power England
  • TEACHER PAGES
    • Mrs Bennett
    • Ms Capper
    • Mr Bish >
      • WS
      • Top 10's
      • Book club
      • Profile
      • blog: How can self-directed learning be made visible?
    • Mrs Morgan >
      • Debate: Should the UN curb population growth?
      • Books
      • TV and Films
      • Travel
    • Mr Jones
    • Mr Skerry
    • Contact
  • HUMANITIES IN THE NEWS
  • CCA'S AND ENRICHMENT
    • SDGs
    • Real Life History >
      • William H Neyer's Letters 1944-45
      • February 1953
      • March 1953
      • April 1953
      • May 1953
      • June 1953
      • July 1953
      • August 1953
      • September 1953
    • Mini Mock Trial
  • GLOBAL JUSTICE LEAGUE OF BISH
    • VIRTUAL MODEL UN Year 9
    • VIRTUAL MODEL UN
    • Texas State Mock Trial Competition Team
    • TED X
    • BISHMUN 2020 BID
    • Earth Day 2020 >
      • Get Learning
      • Get creative
  • New Page
  • Introduction to year 9 Humanities
  • The UNICEF Global Challenge
  • Year 9 - Leadership Enrichment
    • Week 1 - What is Leadership?
    • Week 2 - What are the qualities of leaders?
    • Review and Reflection